反移情中的恨
重温好文章尤其留意下文中温尼科特与九岁男孩的故事
Hate in the Counter-Transference 反移情中的恨by D. W. Winnicott 温尼科特
作者：温尼科特翻译：冯晗
英国精神科/儿科医生、客体关系学派治疗师温尼科特这篇经典论文在PEP-Web的搜索排行上以及被引用次数一直在前列，论文也被后来的研究者不断讨论或被不同程度挑战。论文开头提到主要读者是精神科医生或其他与精神病患者相处的人，但临床中会遇到某些时刻相似的案例，或者某些人格障碍的患者，在咨询/治疗进行中同样需要理解并反思反移情中的恨。如果对恨意没有觉察，则可能将其掩盖起来，或者直接经由言语或行为传递给对方，对治疗联盟产生可能的损伤。而文章后面一部分“一个母亲的爱与恨”则探讨了照料者与幼儿的关系中的恨。就像文中所说，“无论精神科医生多么爱他的病人，也不能避免讨厌他们害怕他们，他对这些了解的越多，厌恶和恐惧会较少成为他们决定对病人做些什么的动机。”
这篇论文的译稿出自帕西法尔，我译了开头几段后发现了上述译稿，修改了原稿部分理解有误或不准确之处，并简单排版了一下。
1949). International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 30:69-74
Hate in the Counter-Transference
D. W. Winnicott
STATEMENT OF THEME 主题陈述
The Motive imputed to the Analyst by the Patient 病人把动机转嫁给分析师
Illustration of Counter-Transference Anxiety 反移情焦虑的说明
Postponement of Interpretation延迟解释
Objective Hate Under Test 试验阶段客观的恨
A Mother's Love and Hate 一个母亲的爱与恨
Practical Problem of Interpretation 关于解释的实际问题
SUMMARY 总结
In this paper I wish to examine one aspect of the whole subject of ambivalency,namely, hate in the counter-transference. I believe that the task of theanalyst (call him a research analyst) who undertakes the analysis of apsychotic is seriously weighted by this phenomenon, and that analysis ofpsychotics becomes impossible unless the analyst's own hate is extremely wellsorted-out and conscious. This is tantamount to saying that an analyst needs tobe himself analysed, but it also asserts that the analysis of a psychotic isirksome as compared with that of a neurotic, and inherently so.
这篇论文里我想检查一下矛盾情绪这整个主题的一个方面，即反移情中的恨。我相信对精神病患者进行分析的分析师（研究型分析师）的任务由于这个现象严重地增加了负荷，除非分析师非常好的整理了自己的厌恶并意识到它，对精神病患者的分析不可能进行。这相当于说分析师自己需要被分析，这也陈述了相较于神经症患者，对精神病患者的分析是令人厌恶的，本身如此。
Apart from psycho-analytic treatment, the management of a psychotic is bound tobe irksome. From time to time I have made acutely critical remarks about themodern trends in psychiatry, with the too easy electric shocks and the toodrastic leucotomies. Because of these criticisms that I have expressed I wouldlike to be foremost in recognition of the extreme difficulty inherent in thetask of the psychiatrist, and of the mental nurse in particular. Insanepatients must always be a heavy emotional burden on those who care for them.One can forgive those who do this work if they do awful things. This does notmean, however, that we have to accept whatever is done by psychiatrists andneuro-surgeons as sound according to principles of science.
先不说精神分析治疗，对精神病患者的管理必然令人厌恶。我不时会尖锐的批评现在精神病学的趋势，太容易使用电击疗法和脑切除术。因为我表达了这些批评，我也先要承认精神病学的任务本质上来说是极端困难的，特别是精神护理。精神病人对于照顾他们的人来说总是沉重的情绪负担。可以原来那些在这个工作中做了不好的事的人。然而这也不是说抑郁科学原理我们不得不承认精神科医生和神经外科医生做的所有事都是合理的。
Therefore although what follows is about psycho-analysis, it really has valueto the psychiatrist, even to one whose work does not in any way take him intothe analytic type of relationship to patients.
因此尽管下列所述关于精神分析，它对精神科医生真的有价值，甚至对于那些无论如何不会跟病人有分析关系的人也有益处。
To help the general psychiatrist the psycho-analyst must not only study for himthe primitive stages of the emotional development of the ill individual, butalso must study the nature of the emotional burden which the psychiatrist bearsin doing his work. What we as analysts call the counter-transference needs tobe understood by the psychiatrist too. However much he loves his patients hecannot avoid hating them, and fearing them, and the better he knows this theless will hate and fear be the motive determining what he does to his patients.
为帮助精神科医生，精神分析师不能只研究患病个人情感发展的原始阶段，也必须研究精神科医生在工作时承受的情感负担的本质。分析师所称的“反移情”精神科医生也需要去理解。无论他多么爱他的病人，他也不能避免讨厌他们害怕他们，他对这些了解的越多，厌恶和恐惧会较少成为他们决定对病人做些什么的动机。
STATEMENT OF THEME 主题陈述
One could classify counter-transference phenomena thus:
一个对反移情现象的分类如下：
1. Abnormality in counter-transference feelings, and set relationships andidentifications that are under repression in the analyst. The comment on thisis that the analyst needs more analysis, and we believe this is less of anissue among psycho-analysts than among psychotherapists in general.
在反移情中异常的感觉，建立的关系和感情的认同在分析师那里都是受压抑的。这意味分析师需要更多的自我分析，我们相信这在精神分析治疗和一般的心理治疗中不是一个大问题。
2. The identifications and tendencies belonging to an analyst's personalexperiences and personal development which provide the positive setting for hisanalytic work and make his work different in quality from that of any otheranalyst.
属于分析师个人经历和个人发展的认同及发展趋势能为他的分析工作提供一个积极的设置，让他的工作与其他分析师有不同的性质。
3. From these two I distinguish the truly objective counter-transference, or ifthis is difficult, the analyst's love and hate in reaction to the actualpersonality and behaviour of the patient, based on objective observation.
从这两者之间分辨出真正投射性的反移情。如果这很困难，那么分析师对于患者真实人格和行为的爱或者恨的反应就只能基于客观观察。
I suggest that if an analyst is to analyse psychotics or anti-socials he mustbe able to be so thoroughly aware of the counter-transference that he can sortout and study his objective reactions to the patient. These will include hate.Counter-transference phenomena will at times be the important things in theanalysis.
我建议如果一个分析师分析精神病患者或者是反社会型人格患者，他必须有能力完全意识到自己的反移情，他可以利用这个处理和研究他对患者的投射反应。这些就包括恨。反移情现象在分析中将成为一件很重要的事。
The Motive imputed to the Analyst by the Patient
病人把动机转嫁给分析师
I wish to suggest that the patient can only appreciate in the analyst what hehimself is capable of feeling. In the matter of motive; the obsessional willtend to be thinking of the analyst as doing his work in a futile obsessionalway. A hypo-manic patient who is incapable of being depressed, except in asevere mood swing, and in whose emotional development the depressive positionhas not been securely won, who cannot feel guilt in a deep way, or a sense ofconcern or responsibility, is unable to see the analyst's work as an attempt onthe part of the analyst to make reparation in respect of his own (theanalyst's) guilt feelings. A neurotic patient tends to see the analyst asambivalent towards the patient, and to expect the analyst to show a splittingof love and hate; this patient, when in luck, gets the love, because someoneelse is getting the analyst's hate. Would it not follow that if a psychotic isin a 'coincident love-hate' state of feeling he experiences a deep convictionthat the analyst is also only capable of the same crude and dangerous state ofcoincident love-hate relationship? Should the analyst show love he will surely atthe same moment kill the patient.
我认为病人在分析中能领悟到的是他自己能感觉到的。在动机问题上，强迫倾向于被认为是分析师用一种无用而强迫的方式在工作。轻躁狂的患者不会抑郁，除非是在剧烈的情绪转换时，这些人情绪发展的抑郁状态不会很安全地到来。这些人不会深入地感到内疚，没有关注感和责任感，他们看不到分析师的工作是一种尊重，是尝试着弥补对他们自己（分析师的）内疚感。一个神经症患者倾向于看到分析师对他的患者是矛盾的，希望分析师展现出一种分裂的爱与恨，这个病人，幸运的时候会得到爱，因为其他某些人得到的是分析师的恨。依次类推，如果一个病人陷入一种“爱恨交织”的体验中，他也会确信分析师也是会陷入一种同样危险的体验中。分析师难道该在这时表明一种可能对病人有害的爱吗？
This coincidence of love and hate is something that characteristically recursin the analysis of psychotics, giving rise to problems of management which caneasily take the analyst beyond his resources. This coincidence of love and hateto which I am referring is something which is distinct from the aggressivecomponent complicating the primitive love impulse and implies that in thehistory of the patient there was an environmental failure at the time of thefirst object-finding instinctual impulses.
这种爱恨交织的情感在对精神病患者分析过程中常常反复出现，上升为一个可以使分析师轻易地超越他的资源来处理的问题。爱恨交织，我指的是一种与侵略性的复杂形式的原始爱冲动截然不同的形式，这意味着在病人经历中在第一次寻找客体的本能冲动时失败了。
If the analyst is going to have crude feelings imputed to him he is bestforewarned and so forearmed, for he must tolerate being placed in thatposition. Above all he must not deny hate that really exists in himself. Hatethat is justified in the present setting has to be sorted out and kept instorage and available for eventual interpretation.
If we are to become able to be the analysts of psychotic patients we must havereached down to very primitive things in ourselves, and this is but anotherexample of the fact that the answer to many obscure problems of psycho-analyticpractice lies in further analysis of the analyst. (Psycho-analytic research isperhaps always to some extent an attempt on the part of an analyst to carry thework of his own analysis further than the point to which his own analyst couldget him.)
A main task of the analyst of any patient is to maintain objectivity in regardto all that the patient brings, and a special case of this is the analyst'sneed to be able to hate the patient objectively.
Are there not many situations in our ordinary analytic work in which theanalyst's hate is justified? A patient of mine, a very bad obsessional, wasalmost loathsome to me for some years. I felt bad about this until the analysisturned a corner and the patient became lovable, and then I realized that hisunlikeableness had been an active symptom, unconsciously determined. It wasindeed a wonderful day for me (much later on) when I could actually tell thepatient that I and his friends had felt repelled by him, but that he had beentoo ill for us to let him know. This was also an important day for him, atremendous advance in his adjustment to reality.
如果一个分析师将一个糟糕的体验归咎于他的患者，那么他最好先做准备，因为他必须忍受被放在那个位置上。他不可否认恨存在于他自己身上。在现在的设置中，恨是正当的，但是它必须被整理而且保存起来以便作出最后的解释。如果我们想成为一个对精神病患者进行分析的分析师，我们必须深入到我们自身很原始的那些经历中去。这就是一个例子，这个例子是为了说明一个事实，那就是要回答精神分析实践上那些模糊的问题必须依赖与分析师的进一步分析。（精神分析研究也许常常在某种程度上是分析师部分企图将他自己的分析工作带给他的分析师）。分析师的主要工作是客观的注意病人带来的一切，特别值得一提的是，分析师可以投射性地恨他的病人。
是不是在很多时候，分析师的恨是不正当的呢？我的一个病人，一个严重的强迫症患者，几年内几乎让我无法忍受。我对这个分析感到很糟糕直到分析使这一切有了转变，我的病人变得可爱了。这时我意识到他那种不讨人喜欢的症状是可以活动的，受无意识决定的。那的确是美好的一天（很久以后），我其实可以告诉他，我和他的朋友都感觉被他击败了，但是他那时病得太重以至于我们都无法让他知道。对他而言这也是重要的一天，他适应现实有了巨大的进步。
In the ordinary analysis the analyst has no difficulty with the management ofhis own hate. This hate remains latent. The main thing, of course, is thatthrough his own analysis he has become free from vast reservoirs of unconscioushate belonging to the past and to inner conflicts. There are other reasons whyhate remains unexpressed and even unfelt as such:
在普通的分析中，分析师处理他自己的恨是没有什么困难的。这种恨是潜伏的。主要的是，当然，通过他自己的分析可以使得他不在受那些属于过去和内心冲突的巨大的无意识仇恨的困扰。另外一些恨不能被表达甚至不能被感受到的原因是：
1. Analysis is my chosen job, the way I feel I will best deal with my ownguilt, the way I can express myself in a constructive way.
精神分析是我选择的职业，我感觉我能很好地处理我的内疚感，我可以用一种建设性的方式表达自己。
2. I get paid, or I am in training to gain a place in society bypsycho-analytic work.
我拿钱，我被训练在一个社会场所进行精神分析工作。
3. I am discovering things.
我在探索一些事情。
4. I get immediate rewards through identification with the patient, who ismak-ing progress, and I can see still greater rewards some way ahead, after theend of the treatment.
我能通过被病人认同而获得成就感，那些病人的进步，我能在治疗结束后获得巨大的成就感。
5. Moreover, as an analyst I have ways of expressing hate. Hate is expressed bythe existence of the end of the 'hour'.
更多的是，作为一个分析师，我可以用我的方式表达恨。恨可以在最后时刻被表达出来。
I think this is true even when there is no difficulty whatever, and when thepatient is pleased to go. In many analyses these things can be taken forgranted, so that they are scarcely mentioned, and the analytic work is donethrough verbal interpretations of the patient's emerging unconscioustransference. The analyst takes over the role of one or other of the helpfulfigures of the patient's childhood. He cashes in on the success of those whodid the dirty work when the patient was an infant.
我认为在即使在没有任何困难的时候，在病人满意而归的时候。在许多精神分析中，这些事都被视为理所当然的，因此他们都没有提到，精神分析工作的完成是通过口头解释患者的显现的无意识移情。分析师扮演的是患者童年时那些重要的人物。他成功地扮演那些在患者还是婴儿的时候，成功地照顾患者的那些人。
These things are part。 of thedescription of ordinary psycho-analytic work, which is mostly concerned withpatients whose symptoms have a neurotic quality.
这些都是普通精神分析工作描述的一部分，这种工作往往是关注那些症状有神经症倾向的患者。
In the analysis of psychotics, however, quite a different type and degree ofstrain is take by the analyst, and it is precisely this different strain that Iam trying to describe.
在精神病的分析中，然而，轻微的不同类型的紧张程度取决于分析师，我想要描述的那种不同的紧张是十分精确的。
Illustration of Counter-Transference Anxiety
反移情焦虑的说明
Recently for a period of a few days I found I was doing bad work. I mademistakes in respect of each one of my patients. The difficulty was in myselfand it was partly personal but chiefly associated with a climax that I hadreached in my relation to one particular psychotic (research) patient. Thedifficulty cleared up when I had what is sometimes called a 'healing' dream.(Incidentally I would add that during my analysis and in the years since theend of my analysis I have had a long series of these healing dreams which,although in many cases unpleasant, have each one of them marked my arrival at anew stage in emotional development.)
最近几天，我发现我在做一件糟糕的工作。我在试图尊重我每一个患者时犯了错。困难在于我自己，部分但是主要的个人问题深入到了我与一个特殊的精神病人的关系中去。在我做了通常被称为“治愈”梦的时候，困难变得明显了。（在我进行精神分析的那几年里，每当我结束一次分析之后，我总会做一系列这种治愈的梦，即使在许多不愉快的案例中也是，他们中的每一个都标志着我的情感发展到了一个新的阶段）
On this particular occasion I was aware of the meaning of the dream as I wokeor even before I woke. The dream had two phases. In the first I was in the godsin a theatre and looking down on the people a long way below in the stalls. Ifelt severe anxiety as if I might lose a limb. This was associated with thefeeling I have had at the top of the Eiffel Tower that if I put my hand overthe edge it would fall off on to the ground below. This would be ordinarycastration anxiety.
在这特定的时候，我开始意识到在我清醒甚至醒来之前梦的意义。这梦有两个阶段。第一部分我在剧院中是上帝，看着人们从前排席一条很长的路上在走。我感到极度焦虑，好像我要被肢解了。这种感觉连带着另一种感觉，那就是我站在埃菲尔铁塔的顶端，好像我只有把手伸出边缘，它就将坠落到地上。这就是基本的阉割焦虑。
In the next phase of the dream I was aware that the people in the stalls werewatching a play and I was now related to what was going on on the stage throughthem. A new kind of anxiety now developed. What I knew was that I had no rightside of my body at all. This was not a castration dream. It was a sense of nothaving that part of the body.
这个梦的接下来的部分就是我发现在前排的人们正在看一部戏剧，而我通过他们与台上发生的事情有了关联。一种新的焦虑发展起来了。我知道的是我右半边身子没有了。这不是一个阉割的梦。这是一种缺少部分身体的感觉。
As I woke I was aware of having understood at a very deep level what was mydifficulty at that particular time. The first part of the dream represented theordinary anxieties that might develop in respect of unconscious fantasies of myneurotic patients. I would be in danger of losing my hand or my fingers ifthese patients should become interested in them. With this kind of anxiety Iwas familiar, and it was comparatively tolerable.
我一醒来就深深地理解了在那个特殊事情我的困难是什么。这个梦的第一部分表示在我那个神经症患者的潜意识幻想中发展了一种基本的焦虑。如果这些病人对我的手或者我的手指感兴趣的话，我就有失去它们的危险。这种焦虑我比较熟悉，它相对来说是可以忍受的。
The second part of the dream, however, referred to my relation to the psychoticpatient. This patient was requiring of me that I should have no relation to herbody at all, not even an imaginative one; there was no body that she recognizedas hers and if she existed at all she could only feel herself to be a mind. Anyreference to her body produced paranoid anxieties because to claim that she hada body was to persecute her. What she needed of me was that I should have onlya mind speaking to her mind. At the culmination of my difficulties on theevening before the dream I had become irritated and had said that what she wasneeding of me was little better than hair-splitting.
然而，梦的第二部分涉及到了我和神经病患者的关系。这个病人要求我和她的身体不该有一点关系，甚至连对它的想象也不可以有，她意识不到她身体任何一部分的存在，就算她能感受到她存在的话她也仅仅只能感受到的她是一种思想。而且任何提及到她身体的谈话都会让她产生妄想的焦虑，因为宣称她身体的存在就近乎在迫害她。她对我的需要是我该与她仅仅进行心与心的交流。在做这个梦前的那个晚上，我的困难达到了极致，我已经变得非常恼怒了而且说到她对我的需要几乎连吹毛求疵都比不上。
This had had a disastrous effect and it took many weeks for the analysisto recover from my lapse. The essential thing, however, was that I shouldunderstand my own anxiety and this was represented in the dream by the absenceof the right side of my body when I tried to get into relation to the play thatthe people in the stalls were watching.
这件事造成了非常糟糕的影响以至于用了数周的时间才使得我们的分析从我的过失中恢复过来。但是，这件非常重要的事情让我理解了我自己的焦虑以及当我试着将它和那部人们在棚里面观看的戏剧发生联系时，我理解了它（我的焦虑）是体现在我缺失右侧身体的梦中的。
This right side of my body was the side related to this particularpatient and was therefore affected by her need to deny absolutely even animaginative relationship of our bodies. This denial was producing in me thispsychotic type of anxiety, much less tolerable than ordinary castrationanxiety.
我右侧的身体是和这个特殊的病人有关联的一侧，并还因此受到了她完全否认我们躯体之间的关系的影响，甚至是一种对于我们身体的想象关系的影响，她的否认让我产生了这种类似神经症类型的焦虑，而这种焦虑比普通的阉割情节更不能忍受。
Whatever other interpretations might be made in respect of this dream theresult of my having dreamed it and remembered it was that I was able to take upthis analysis again and even to heal the harm done to it by my irritabilitywhich had its origin in a reactive anxiety of a quality that was appropriate tomy contact with a patient with no body.
任何其他关于这个梦的解释，所得出的结果就是我做了这个梦并记住了它是因为（通过这个梦我确定）我可以再次进行这个分析并且消除由于我的易怒性情所带来的伤害，当然我的焦虑来源于我容易被激活的焦虑的特质，同时也与我正跟一个对自己身体没感觉的病人相联系这件事情是相符合的。
Postponement of Interpretation延迟解释
The analyst must be prepared to bear strain without expecting the patient toknow anything about what he is doing, perhaps over a long period of time. To dothis he must be easily aware of his own fear and hate. He is in the position ofthe mother of an infant unborn or newly born. Eventually, he ought to be ableto tell his patient what he has been through on the patient's behalf, but ananalysis may never get as far as this. There may be too little good experience inthe patient's past to work on. What if there be no satisfactory relationship ofearly infancy for the analyst to exploit in the transference?
分析师很可能要在接下来的很长的一段时间内时刻做着承受病人对此一无所知的压力的准备，为了这样做，他一定要更轻易意识到他自己的恐惧和恨意。分析师这时正扮演者一个将生孩子或新生孩母亲的角色。最后，它应该能够站在患者的角度上告诉患者他经历了什么，但是一次分析远不可能达到这种深度。这很可能是因为患者的过去几乎没有有用的体验可以使得分析继续下去。在发生移情的过程中如果分析师没有找到任何关于患者儿童早期的满意的关系的话那将会怎么办呢？
There is a vast difference between those patients who have had satisfactoryearly experiences which can be discovered in the transference, and those whosevery early experiences have been so deficient or distorted that the analyst hasto be the first in the patient's life to supply certain environmentalessentials. In the treatment of the patient of the latter kind all sorts ofthings in analytic technique become vitally important that can be taken forgranted in the treatment of patients of the former type.
那些在移情中发现拥有满意的早期经验的患者和那些正好是早期的经验不完整或者歪曲的患者之间存在巨大的差异，对于那些早期经验不完整或歪曲的患者分析师就将成为第一个在患者的生活中提供某些环境条件的人。而在治疗后一类型患者的过程中，各种在治疗前一种患者中被忽视的分析技术将变得极为重要。
I asked an analyst who confines his attention to neurotics whether he doesanalysis in the dark, and he said, 'Why, no! Surely our job is to provide anordinary environment, and the dark would be extraordinary.' He was surprised atmy question. He was orientated towards analysis of neurotics. But thisprovision and maintenance of an ordinary environment can be in itself a vitallyimportant thing in the analysis of a psychotic, in fact it can be, at times,even more important than the verbal interpretations which also have to begiven. For the neurotic the couch and warmth and comfort can be symbolical ofthe mother's love; for the psychotic it would be more true to say that thesethings are the analyst's physical expression of love. The couch is theanalyst's lap or womb, and the warmth is the live warmth of the analyst's body.And so on.
我曾经问过一位神经症领域的分析师他是否在黑暗中进行过分析，他说，“为什么要这样啊？我没分析过。确切的说我们的工作是提供一个最普通的环境，黑暗的环境是不同寻常的。”他是致力于神经官能症的分析的，他对于我提的问题感到非常惊奇。但是规定和维持一种普通寻常的环境本身就能够对精神患者的分析产生极为重要的作用，同时，实际上它甚至比必必不可少的口头表达的解释更重要。对于精神症患者来说沙发、温暖以及让他们感到舒适的事物都是母爱的象征，对于精神症患者来说这些事物就是从分析师身上表达出来的爱；沙发象征着分析师的大腿或子宫，而温暖就像是分析师身上正燃烧着的热情等等。
Objective Hate Under Test
试验阶段不带主观感受的恨
There is, I hope, a progression in my statement of my subject. The analyst'shate is ordinarily latent and is easily kept latent. In analysis of psychoticsthe analyst is under greater strain to keep his hate latent, and he can only dothis by being thoroughly aware of it. Now I want to add that in certain stagesof certain analyses the analyst's hate is actually sought by the patient, andwhat is then needed is hate that is objective. If the patient seeks objectiveor justified hate he must be able to reach it, else he cannot feel he can reachobjective love.
我希望，就我这个论题的陈述能够有一系列的事实依据，分析过程中所产生的恨是通常以一种潜在的方式存在的并且很容易继续保持这种潜在的方式而进行下去，在对精神病患者进行分析时，分析师为了不使他对病人的恨不在治疗过程中得以显露出来，他不得不处于一种巨大的压力环境下，而他对这种反移情中所产生的恨的唯一处理方式只能通过完全地意识到来实现。现在我想要补充一种情形：在分析过程中的某个时期，分析师所产生的恨事实上是由病人所引发的。在这个过程中，病人的目的即使恨，而分析师只是充当了病人的这个客体。如果病人企图一种客观而合理的恨，那么他必须得以满足，否则，他不能够感觉到他得到了客体所给予他的爱。
It is perhaps relevant here to cite the case of the child of the broken home,or the child without parents. Such a child spends his time unconsciouslylooking for his parents. It is notoriously inadequate to take such a child intoone's home and to love him. What happens is that after a while a child soadopted gains hope, and then he starts to test out the environment he hasfound, and to seek proof of his guardians' ability to hate objectively. Itseems that he can believe in being loved only after reaching being hated.
这这里，引用离异家庭或者失去父母的孩子来说明这个问题可能是恰当可行的，这些孩子会在现实生活中无意识地寻找他们的“父母”，而我们也都明知如果直接把这些孩子送到一个家庭中，让这家人去爱他也是不可行的，会发生的情况即使，一段时间之后，这个被收养的孩子会获得一种希望，然后他会开始试探他所在的外部环境以寻找他的监护人有能力的证据而对让他产生一种客观上的恨，看上去似乎他只有先能够被恨，才可以被爱。
During the second world war a boy of nine came to a hostel for evacuatedchildren, sent from
在第二次世界大战中，一个九岁的男孩来到为撤退者安排的旅舍，他从伦敦来，却并不是因为轰炸的缘故而是因为逃学。在他待在旅社的这段时间里我想要给他做一些治疗，但是并没有成功，他逃跑了，就好像他从六岁第一次离开家里以来一直从这里跑到那里一样。然而，我在与他的一次面谈中通过他画的一幅画了解到他逃跑是因为他在潜意识里想挽救他内在的家庭，让他的母亲免受攻击同时也可以远离自己那个充满着受害妄想的内在世界。
I was not very surprised when he turned up in the police station very near myhome. This was one of the few police stations that did not know him intimately.My wife very generously took him in and kept him for three months, three monthsof hell. He was the most lovable and most maddening of children, often starkstaring mad. But fortunately we knew what to expect. We dealt with the firstphase by giving him complete freedom and a shilling whenever he went out.当我在离我家很近的的警察局找到他时，我并没有感到很惊讶，这是那些不多的第一次收留他的警察局中的一个，我的妻子非常盛情地把他带回了家让他在我家待了三个月，这三个月是痛苦的，他是一个很惹人爱但同时又是那种让人很容易恼怒的那种孩子，经常是完全发狂的，但幸运地是，我们知道该怎么来做，在第一个阶段，我们给予他完全的自由，并且在他每次要离家出走的时候就给他一些钱。
He had only to ring up and we fetched him from whatever police station hadtaken charge of him.Soon the expected change-over occurred, the truancy symptomturned round, and the boystarted dramatizing the assault on the inside. It wasreally a whole-time job for the two of us together, and when I was out theworst episodes took place.
之后他就会从一些收留他的警察局打电话过来，然后我们就会去把他接回来。不久后，预期的转变来临了，逃跑的症状缓解了。但他却开始扮演他内在的施虐客体，我们两个人开始了一项全天候的工作当我离开时，很糟糕的事情就会发生。
Interpretation had to be made at any minute of day or night, and often the onlysolution in a crisis was to make the correct interpretation, as if the boy werein analysis. It was the correct interpretation that he valued above everything.The important thing for the purpose of this paper is the way in which theevolution of the boy's personality engendered hate in me, and what I did aboutit.
解释工作必须要在一天中的任何时候都要进行，在很多时候，解决这些紧要关头的唯一途径
就是做出正确的解释，就好像这个孩子正处于分析之中，他重视这些正确的解释胜过一切。在文章中提到这个孩子的一个重要目的就是说明这个孩子的人格所造成的我的恨的一种发
展，也就是我过去处理的。
Did I hit him? The answer is no, I never hit. But I should have had to havedone so if I had not known all about my hate and if I had not let him knowabout it too. At crises I would take him by bodily strength, and without angeror blame, and put him outside the front door, whatever the
weather or the time of day or night. There was a special bell he could ring,and he knew that if
he rang it he would be readmitted and no word said about the past. He used thisbell as soon as
he had recovered from his maniacal attack.
我打过他没有？回答是否定的，我从没有打过他，如果我不彻底了解我的恨，也没有让他了解，我本是不得不这样来做的，在紧急情况下抱住他，而不是愤怒与责备，把他抱到前门外面，而不论是在白天或是夜里。他有一个特制的门铃可以按，他也知道只要他按铃，他就能够被重新获得允许进入到家里来，而且也再也不会被说到之前发生的事，当他从这种发狂的攻击中缓解过来时他会按铃。
The important thing is that each time, just as I put him outside the door, Itold him something; I said that what had happened had made me hate him. Thiswas easy because it was so true.I think these words were important from thepoint of view of his progress, but they were mainly important in enabling me totolerate the situation without letting out, without losing my temper and everynow and again murdering him.
重要的是，每次我把他抱到外面去，我会给他说一些话；我会说，你所做得，让我会去恨你，这种恨是如此容易发生，因为它是真实的。从他的发展进步来看，我认为这些话是很重要的，但是它们能够起到作用主要应该是让他明白了我能够包容下他的这种发狂，而不是放任不管他，更没有因此而对他发怒，或者会是不是地威胁要杀他。
This boy's full story cannot be told here. He went to an Approved School. Hisdeeply rooted relation to us has remained one of the few stable things in hislife. This episode from ordinary life can be used to illustrate the generaltopic of hate justified in the present; this is to be distinguished from hatethat is only justified in another setting but which is tapped by some action ofa patient (child).
这个孩子的全部故事就到这里，后来去了工读学校，他曾经如果深切地和我们在一起让他保
留了一些维持他以后不多的安定生活的东西，这个普通生活中的小插曲能够被用于说明当下发生的恨的合理性这个论题，这种恨是由病人的行为引发的恨又是与仅仅在一个场景中合理中产生的恨相区别的
A Mother's Love and Hate 一个母亲的爱与恨
Out of all the complexity of the problem of hate and its roots I want to rescueone thing, because I believe it has an importance for the analyst of psychoticpatients. I suggest that the mother hates the baby before the baby hates themother, and before the baby can know his mother hates him.
除了一切恨的问题的复杂性，我想追根溯源地探讨一件事，因为我相信这对精神病患者的分析是十分重要的。我认为母亲恨孩子在孩子恨母亲之前，而且在孩子知道他的母亲恨他之前。
Before developing this theme I want to refer to Freud's remarks. In Instinctsand their Vicissitudes (1915) (where he says so much that is original andilluminating about hate), Freud says: 'we might at a pinch say of an instinctthat it "loves" the objects after which it strives for purposes ofsatisfaction, but to say that it "hates" an object strikes us as odd,so we become aware that the attitudes of love and hate cannot be said tocharacterize the relation of instincts to their objects, but are reserved forthe relations of the ego as a whole to objects. ? This I feel is true andimportant. Does this not mean that the personality must be integrated before aninfant can be said to hate? However early integration may be achieved perhapsintegration occurs earliest at the height of excitement or rage here is atheoretical earlier stage in which whatever the infant does that hurts is not donein hate. I have used the word 'ruthless love' in describing this stage. Is thisacceptable? As the infant becomes able to feel a whole person, so does the wordhate develop meaning as a description of a certain group of his feelings.
在讨论这个主题之前，我想再阐明一下弗洛伊德的观点。在本能和他们的变化中（1915）（在这个恨问题上他谈论了许多，并且是原创的并有启发性的。）弗洛伊德说：“我们在必要的时候说本能就是它‘爱’一个客体，它是为一个满足为目的而努力的。但是说它‘恨’一个客体却对我们来说是个奇怪的事。因此我们必须注意不要把爱和恨的态度说成是本能对他们的客体关系的特征。而要视为自我这个整体对于客体的关系。”这一点我认为是正确的而且重要的。这难道不意味着在婴儿会说恨之前人格必须是整合的吗？然而，早期的整合可能发生婴儿兴奋水平最早的时期，这个理论上更早的阶段是不论婴儿做什么恨都不会产生伤害。我用“无情的爱”一词来描述这个阶段。这能被接受吗？在婴儿能感知整个人的时候，恨这个词就能发展出意义用来描述他一个确定的感觉经验群。
The mother, however, hates her infant from the word go. I believe Freud thoughtit possible that a mother may under certain circumstances have only love forher boy baby; but we may doubt this. We know about a mother's love and weappreciate its reality and power. Let me give some of the reasons why a motherhates her baby, even a boy.
然而，从这个词产生时母亲恨他的孩子。我相信弗洛伊德认为的在一种确定的环境下母亲只爱他的男性孩子是可能的；但是我也许对此质疑。我们知道母亲的爱，我们也欣赏它的现实性与力量。让我们给出一些母亲恨他孩子，甚至是男孩的理由。
A. The baby is not her own (mental) conception.
婴儿不是她自己（心理上）的设想。
B. The baby is not the one of childhood play, father's child, brother's child,etc.
婴儿不是童年时的游戏，父亲的孩子，兄弟的孩子等等。
C. The baby is not magically produced.
婴儿不是像变魔术般生产出来的。
D. The baby is a danger to her body in pregnancy and at birth.
婴儿在怀孕和出生的时候带来了危险。
E. The baby is an interference with her private life, a challenge topreoccupation.
婴儿打扰到她的私生活了，是一个对事先占据的事物的挑战。
F. To a greater or lesser extent a mother feels that her own mother demands a baby,so that her baby is produced to placate her mother.
在某种程度上，母亲觉得她自己的母亲需要一个小孩，所以她生孩子只是为了安抚她的母亲。
G. The baby hurts her nipples even by suckling, which is at first a chewingactivity.
孩子在吮吸时伤害到了她的乳头，刚开始是在嚼。
H. He is ruthless, treats her as scum, an unpaid servant, a slave.
他是无情的，视她为垃圾，一个没有报酬的仆人，一个奴隶。
I. She has to love him, excretions and all, at any rate at the beginning, tillhe has doubts about himself.
她必须爱他，甚至是排泄物和所有的这些，在开始的阶段，直到他怀疑他自己。
J. He tries to hurt her, periodically bites her, all in love.
他尝试着伤害他，不时地咬她，全都是出于爱。
K. He shows disillusionment about her.
他表现出对她幻想的破灭。
L. His excited love is cupboard love, so that having got what he wants hethrows her away like orange peel.
他兴奋的爱是别有所图的爱，以致他得到他想要的之后就把她向橘子皮一样扔到一边。
M. The baby at first must dominate, he must be protected from coincidences,life must unfold at the baby's rate and all this needs his mother's continuousand detailed study. For instance, she must not be anxious when holding him, etc.
孩子在开始的时候必须是主宰，他必须在任何时候收到保护，生活的节奏必须按照孩子的节奏来，他需要的一起他的母亲都必须仔细研究。举个例子，她在抱着他的时候不能感到焦虑，等等。
N. At first he does not know at all what she does or what she sacrifices forhim. Especially he cannot allow for her hate.
在开始的时候，他一点都不知道她所做的一切和她为他做出的牺牲。特别是不允许母亲恨他。
O. He is suspicious, refuses her good food, and makes her doubt herself, buteats well with his aunt.
他是多疑的，拒绝她提供的食物，让她怀疑自己。但是在她舅妈那里，他却吃得很好。
P. After an awful morning with him she goes out, and he smiles at a stranger,who says: 'Isn't he sweet!'
在一个糟糕的早晨，他与她一起出去，他向一个陌生人微笑，那人说“他多可爱！”
Q. If she fails him at the start she knows he will pay her out for ever.
如果她一开始时辜负了他，她知道他将永远报复她。
R. He excites her but frustrates he mustn't eat him or trade in sex with him.
他使她兴奋并挫败。他不能吃掉他，或者拿性做交易。
I think that in the analysis of psychotics, and in the ultimate stages of theanalysis, even of a normal person, the analyst must find himself in a positioncomparable to that of the mother of a new-born baby. When deeply regressed thepatient cannot identify with the analyst or appreciate his point of view anymore than the foetus or newly born infant can sympathize with the mother.
A mother has to be able to tolerate hating her baby without doing anythingabout it. She cannot express it to him. If, for fear of what she may do, shecannot hate appropriately when hurt by her child she must fall back onmasochism, and I think it is this that gives rise to the false theory of anatural masochism in women. The most remarkable thing about a mother is herability to be hurt so much by her baby and to hate so much without paying thechild out, and her ability to wait for rewards that may or may not come at alater date. Perhaps she is helped by some of the nursery rhymes she sings,which her baby enjoys but fortunately does not understand?
我认为在精神病的分析中，在分析的最后阶段，甚至在对正常人的分析中。分析师必须把自己放在一个相当于新生儿的母亲的位置。当病人深入地退行，使得病人不能认同分析师，再也不能不能接受他的观点，更甚于一个新生儿不能赞同他的母亲。一个母亲必须忍受恨他的孩子但是又不付诸任何行动。她不能向他表达这种恨。如果，因为害怕她将会做的事，当受到她孩子的伤害时，她就不能适当地恨他。她必须回到一个受虐的状态，我认为这就产生了一个妇女有原发受虐倾向的错误理论。最显著的事实是，母亲的能力在很大程度上被孩子伤害而且可以恨她的孩子但又不离开他。她的能力是可以等待奖励，这奖励在随后的时间里可能有，也可能没有。也许她受她唱的童谣的帮助，她的孩子很享受这童谣，但幸运的是他不理解。
'Rockabye Baby, on the tree top,
When the wind blows the cradle will rock,
When the bough breaks the cradle will fall,
Down will come baby, cradle and all.'
‘乖乖睡的宝宝在树顶，
风吹过摇篮，摇篮摇，
树枝断了，摇篮掉，
宝宝和摇篮将一块儿掉’
I think of a mother (or father) playing with a small infant; the infantenjoying the play and not knowing that the parent is expressing hate in thewords, perhaps in birth symbolism. This is not a sentimental rhyme.Sentimentality is useless for parents, as it contains a denial of hate, andsentimentality in a mother is no good at all from the infant's point of view.
我认为母亲（或者父亲）在与小婴儿玩耍的时候，婴儿很享受这种玩耍并且不知道父母在词语中表达着恨，也许是在出生的象征里。这不是一个感伤的韵律，感伤对于父母是毫无用处的，因为它包含着对恨的拒绝，感伤的母亲不擅长从婴儿那里得到信息的。
It seems to me doubtful whether a human child as he develops is capable oftolerating the full extent of his own hate in a sentimental environment. Heneeds hate to hate.
对我而言，我怀疑人类的孩子在一个敏感的环境中是否能发展出有能力忍受他自己最大程度的恨。他需要恨那种恨。
If this is true, a psychotic patient in analysis cannot be expected to toleratehis hate of the analyst unless the analyst can hate him.
如果这是事实，那么一个精神病患者不能被期望能忍受他对分析师的恨，除非分析师可以恨他。
Practical Problem of Interpretation
关于解释的实际问题
If all this is accepted there remains for discussion the question of theinterpretation of the analyst's hate to the patient. This is obviously a matterfraught with danger, and it needs the most careful timing. But I believe ananalysis is incomplete if even towards the end it has not been possible for theanalyst to tell the patient what he, the analyst, did unbeknown for the patientwhilst he was ill, in the early stages. Until the interpretation is made thepatient is kept to some extent in the position of infant, one who cannotunderstand what he owes to his mother.
如果所有这些都能被接受的话，那么还遗留下来一个讨论的问题，那就是有关分析师对他病人的恨的解析。很明显，这充满了危险，它需要最小心的时机。但是我相信在分析还没完成，甚至在分析的即将结束时，分析师告诉他的病人在他病的同时他做了病人不知道的一些事还是不可能的。直到解析能使得病人在某种程度上保持在婴儿的位置上，他才能理解，他该向他母亲感恩。
SUMMARY 总结
An analyst has to display all the patience and tolerance and reliability of amother devoted to her infant, has to recognize the patient's wishes as needs,has to put aside other interests in order to be available and to be punctual,and objective, and has to seem to want to give what is really only givenbecause of the patient's needs.
一个分析师应该展现出足够的耐心，忍耐力和像一个母亲爱她的孩子那样的可靠性。应该能识别出患者需要和希望。应该做到让患者觉得可以有用，做到准时，做到客观，而要把其他兴趣发到一边。应该做到想要给予的，真的只是患者需要的。
There may be a long initial period in which the analyst's point of view cannotbe (even unconsciously) appreciated by the patient. Acknowledgment cannot beexpected because at the primitive root of the patient that is being looked forthere is no capacity for identification with the analyst, and certainly thepatient cannot see that the analyst's hate is often engendered by the verythings the patient does in his crude way of loving.
分析师的观点不能被患者（甚至是无意识的）接受，这可能开始要持续一段很长的时期。不期待患者的承认，因为分析师正发现患者的原始的深层心灵中没有容量去认同分析师。可以确定的是，患者不能看到分析师的厌恶常常来源与患者自己用一种粗暴的方式的爱。
In the analysis (research analysis) or in ordinary management of the morepsychotic type of patient, a great strain is put on the analyst (psychiatrist,mental nurse) and it is important to study the ways in which anxiety ofpsychotic quality and also hate are produced in those who work with severelyill psychiatric patients. Only in this way can there be any hope of theavoidance of therapy that is adapted to the needs of the therapist rather thanto the needs of the patient.
在分析中，或者是在对精神病性的患者做普通处理时。分析师（精神病医生，护士）身上会表现一种巨大的紧张。这对研究精神病患者是哪种焦虑性质，以及厌恶是如何在同重症精神病患者工作的人员上产生的很重要。只有通过这种方式，才有希望避免治疗适应治疗师的需要而不是患者的需要。（温尼科特）
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